The Deepest Point in the Oceans

The Earths oceans range in depth from the surface to more than 36,000 feet deep. The average depth clocks in at just over 2 miles, or about 12,100 feet. The deepest known point is nearly 7 miles below the surface. Deepest Point in the World's Oceans The oceans deepest area is the Mariana Trench, also called the Marianas Trench, which is in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. The trench is 1,554 miles long and 44 miles wide, or 120 times larger  than the Grand Canyon. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the trench is almost 5 times wider than it is deep. The deepest point  of the trench is called Challenger Deep, after the British ship  Challenger II, which discovered it on a 1951 surveying expedition. Challenger Deep lies at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands. Various measurements have been taken of the oceans depth at Challenger Deep, but it is usually described as 11,000 meters deep, or 6.84 miles beneath the oceans surface. At 29,035 feet,  Mount Everest  is the tallest spot on Earth, yet if you submerged the mountain with its base at Challenger Deep, the peak would still be more than a mile below the surface. The water pressure at Challenger Deep is 8 tons per square inch. By comparison, water pressure at a depth of 1 foot is just over 15 pounds per square inch. Creation of the Mariana Trench The Mariana Trench is at the convergence of two of the Earths plates, the massive sections of the planets rigid outer shell just below the crust. The Pacific plate is subducted or dives underneath, the Philippine plate. During this slow dive, the Philippine plate was pulled down, which formed the trench. Human Visits to the Bottom Oceanographers Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh explored the Challenger Deep in January 1960 aboard a bathyscaphe named Trieste. The submersible carried the scientists 36,000 feet down, which took 5 hours. They could spend only 20 minutes on the sea floor, where they viewed an ooze and some shrimp and fish, although their view was hampered by sediment stirred up by their ship. The trip back to the surface took 3 hours. On March 25, 2012, filmmaker and National Geographic Explorer James Cameron became the first person to make a solo voyage to the deepest point on Earth. His 24-foot tall submersible, the  Deepsea Challenger, reached 35,756 feet (10,898 meters) after a 2.5-hour descent. Unlike Piccard and Walshs brief visit, Cameron spent more than 3 hours exploring the trench, although his attempts to take biological samples were hampered by technical glitches. Two unmanned submersibles—one from Japan and the other from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts—have explored the Challenger Deep. Marine Life in the Mariana Trench Despite cold temperatures, extreme pressure, and lack of light, marine life does exist in the Mariana Trench. Single-celled protists called foraminifera, crustaceans, other invertebrates, and even fish have been found there.

The American Military And International Law Of War Essay

â€Å"The law of war is that part of international law that regulates the resort to armed forces; the conduct of hostilities and the protection of war victims in both international and non-international armed conflict; belligerent occupation; and the relationships between belligerent, neutral, and non-belligerent States.† (DoD, Law of War Manual, pg. 7). Futurists Alvin and Heidi Toffler, authors of The Third Wave and War and Anti-War, claim we have entered a new era of warfare – information warfare. In the Third Wave, information ascends to become the most important resource and, as such, becomes a significant means of both preventing and limiting future wars as well as winning wars. Many scoff at the ideas as so much hype, but perhaps so, but is important to realize that the American armed forces are the most information-driven force in the world. The American military uses computers and technology for almost all aspects of protecting our freedoms, from designing weap ons, guiding missile attacks, paying the men and women who serve, write memorandums, control radio networks, manage medical supplies, etc. All facets of our operations and mission success evolve around technology. Many of the identities within the information warfare (IW) community has come to agree that IW is not a single, simple thing, that it has many complex dimensions. â€Å"Coming to grips with information warfare†¦is like the effort of the blind men to discover the nature of the elephant: the one who touchedShow MoreRelatedAmerican Foreign Policy : The Civil War And The Conflict With Isis1460 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican foreign policy has forever been a controversial topic in international discussions. Questions regarding America’s military presence, intent and use of force have long been centers of controversy and debate. Recent American involvements in the Syrian Civil War and the conflict with ISIS have raised questions about the ethics of US involvement an d her justifications for force. As ISIS began to grow stronger and the list of crimes it committed began to augment, America began to use force toRead More Tribunals Essays1344 Words   |  6 Pages President Bushs decision to consider establishing military tribunals to prosecute accused terrorists has set off a major debate on civil liberties in the United States. Supporters argue that such a measure is a constitutional necessity to address terrorism of an unprecedented scope. Opponents claim that the tribunals would undermine the rule of law and deprive defendants of the protection provided for in the American system of justice. My research and personnel experience on the subject has foundRead MoreThe Important Themes Of Realism ( Neorealism ) And Neo Liberalism980 Words   |  4 PagesThis international relations study will define the important themes of Realism (Neorealism) and Neo-liberalism in the conflicts of American war and profit in the 21st century. The premise of reali sm defines the underlying fallibility of human beings to behave selfishly to serve the needs of the few through a national interest: â€Å"†Realism is based on a view of the individual as primarily fearful, selfish, and power seeking† (Mingst 79). In this context, the power of individual nation states, such asRead MoreThe Law Enforcement Operations Model1619 Words   |  7 Pagesargue that a law enforcement operations model should be applied rather than the law of armed conflict because of the nature of the operations that are involved. For instance, Kels notes that human rights advocates â€Å"insist upon a legal geography of war, whereby states must apply a law enforcement (rather than armed conflict) model to any hostilities conducted outside of universally recognized hot battlefields like Afghanistan† (B3). This approach, however, ignores the realities of military operationsRead MoreTerrorism And The International Humanitarian Law Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pageswhich the US went about this issue is problematic as they acted outside the legality of international law. Jocknick and Normand argue that the international humanitarian law cannot be used to â€Å"humanize war† and that they may impose states to create â€Å"effective humanitarian limits on the conduct of wars† (Jochnick, 51). They also outline the importance of understanding the events of â€Å"past legal effort to regulate war† in an attempt to reassure that mistakes are prevented and that outcomes in regards toRead MoreU.s. Bush s Administration On Foreign Policy Over The Last Forty Years1717 Words   |  7 Pagesextensive literature after the 9/11 attacks and the following military actions. The essay will  Definition of unilateralism (800 words) Meaning of unilateralism Unilateralism in american foreign policy Was Bush the first one? How long it has been used for.  Unilateralism can be essentially defined as the action of a state acting alone (Brooks 2011). The term has a wide range of applications in international relations policy, from security affairs to global economy. WhenRead MoreEssay on The International Military Tribunal for the Far East849 Words   |  4 PagesThe International Military Tribunal for the Far East Before assembling here today the Members of the Tribunal signed a joint affirmation to administer justice according to law, without fear, favor or affection. We fully appreciate the great responsibility resting upon us. There has been no more important criminal trial in all history. Certainly we are not a Senate or a House of Peers met for the impeachment of a Verrus or a Hastings, but a court of our respective countries. On the otherRead MorePower And Weakness Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesStudy of the essay Power and Weakness by Robert Kagan Robert Kagan, American neoconservative scholar and political commentator created an international sensation in 2002 with his essay Power and Weakness, that he later expanded into a bestselling book entitled Of Paradise and Power. His essay announced that Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus. Here is a summary of his essay and the different steps of his analysis of the deteriorating US-Europe relationship. AccordingRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki700 Words   |  3 PagesJapan’s tragic loss; and the United States has not acknowledged that the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were carried out in transgression of international law. Section 2, Chapter 1, Article 25 of the Hague Convention states that the bombing of any town or habitations that are not defended is strictly against the law (The Avalon Project - Laws of War), which of course, President Truman paid no attention to when he granted the United States permission to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and thenRead MorePower, Realism And Constructivism. Hoboken : Taylor And Francis920 Words   |  4 Pagesdefines the important features of international relations theories, which define the underscoring themes of â€Å"realism† as a dominant type of political methodology for American imperialism. Realism is a theory that relies heavily on the notion of self-interested and fear-based notions of protecti ng national interests, which the United States has utilized through its powerful military. This international relations policy has generated a trend in post-9/11 American politics that has defined a unilateral

Overview on ZEN Works Free Essays

Zero Effort Networks (Z.E.N. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview on ZEN Works or any similar topic only for you Order Now works) is a great new tool in NetWare 5, that makes the network administrator†s job a lot easier by allowing him to spend less time at each user workstation. To be able to use the Z.E.N. works these are the minimum hardware requirements: Processor: 486/33 or higher Memory: 16 MB (for Windows 95); 24 MB (for Windows NT) Hard disk space: 4 MB (workstation; 24 MB (full station) Z.E.N. works needs to be installed on the server and the client on the workstation needs to be updated. During the installation process Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) are copied to the workstation. DLLs contain subprograms that are called by an application to perform certain operations. Another utility that is included in Z.E.N. works to help the distribution and management of applications is the Application Launcher, which consists of four major components: Application objects in the NDS tree Application Launcher Window and Application object The snAppShot utility allows you take a â€Å"snapshot† of the Windows workstation before installing the application. The snapshot includes Registry settings along with the names of system and application files on the workstation. After the application has been installed, the snAppShot utility takes another picture of the workstation†s configuration and then uses the two snapshots to create an Application Object Template (AOT) file. The Application Launcher uses the AOT file to determine what Registry settings and system files need to be copied to the workstation to run the application from the network. In addition to including configuration settings and system file names, the AOT file also contains the name of the Application object and the path where you want to store the AOT and installation files. Consequently, before running the snAppShot utility, you need to define the name you want to use for the Application object and decide where the application and AOT files will be stored. The Application Launcher software consists of two components: the wrapper program and the launcher. The wrapper program determines which launcher program (NALW31.EXE, NALWIN32.EXE, or NAL.EXE) to run based on the client computer†s operating system. The launcher program then determines the Application objects to which the user has access and displays a window showing all applications the user has been authorized to run. When the user selects an application, the launcher determines whether the application is installed on the workstation. If this is the first time the user has run the application from this workstation, the application will automatically be installed using the AOT file created by the snAppShot utility. If Application Launcher senses that the application configuration has been damaged, or files are missing or corrupt, it will automatically correct the application configuration and copy and damaged or missing files. How to cite Overview on ZEN Works, Essay examples

Philosophy of Kant free essay sample

A paper which describes Kants theory of pure and practical reasoning. Immanuel Kant had a supreme interest in making major political changes for the better of society. Kants beliefs were what was considered morally right today should not be affected by the unethical behavior or judgments of yesterday. This paper discusses Kants theory on pure and practical reasoning, how the individual applying this notion affects the entire human race, and can produce the end result of freedom and happiness. For example, the con artist will convince many elderly people that they will make a major contribution to saving the world by allowing him to use their checking account to deposit and take large sums of money. They claim they cannot use any more accounts in their name for insurance reasons. The elderly, wanting to do a good deed, gives the person access to his or her bank account. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Kant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The con artist cleans out the elderly persons bank account, which had their life savings in it, and skips town. Only later, is it discovered that he uses fake identities. Kants moral law says that we must not consider any previous experiences when making a decision to do what is moral. Lying and deceiving someone is definitely not ethical. Would it be unethical to use an elderly person who was aware of what was going on to catch the con artist, without the thief knowing this was a setup? If the decision to carry out the setup excludes all previous actions, then Kants moral law suggest that lying and deceitfulness is unethical, although this procedure may prevent many other elderly people from becoming victims.

Internet Censorship Essays (993 words) - Content-control Software

Internet Censorship The Internet is a wonderful place of entertainment and education, but like all places where people conspire, there are some corners that people would prefer children not to explore. World society as a whole attempts to protect children, yet there are no required technological constraints to Internet surfing. In a civilization where people have become demented and twisted, aiming to please themselves with naked pictures of women and children, it may be necessary to censor this material for the moral advancement of our society as a whole. The Internet was originally a place for people to freely express their ideas worldwide, and it has become one of America's most useful tools. Scientists use email for quick and convenient communication. They can post their current scientific discoveries on the web and others in the same field can know in minutes. But at the same time, adults who spend the majority of their pathetic lives in their mom's basements, can post pictures of naked women for all to see. Since the Internet is open to virtually anyone, it is incredibly easy for children to be exposed to this material. Whether or not this material is damaging to children, or anyone for that matter, can not be determined. The Internet itself is completely amoral, but its what the people do with it that make it good or bad. As a whole, the Internet is incredibly useful and informative. Anything that you could ever wish to know, can be found somewhere on the net. This surplus of information is useful for students, teachers, doctors, lawyers or basically anyone in any field who wishes to become more informed. Though it is sometimes quite difficult to find the information you are looking for, primarily because of all the porn that you have to stumble through, it is a consequence that comes with the use of this extraordinary tool. The information is out there, and when the right amount of time is invested, it can be obtained. The media is giving a mixed message on censorship of the Internet. It really depends on what you are reading. Most newspapers and magazines take an objective standpoint, but the Internet as a whole seems to oppose it. Most people don't want to censor themselves or the things that they are looking at, and this is certainly understandable. I found a drastic majority of sites on the net opposed to censorship than I did for those who were for it. People seem to enjoy freedom of speech and they should be able to. On-line systems give people far more genuinely free speech than ever before in human history (Corn-Reverse 71). This is very true. If the government were to take action to censor the Internet, they would be acting unconstitutionally and would face hearings in front of the Supreme Court. This is why they do not take direct action towards complete censorship of the net. It must also be understood that censoring the net is technologically impossible. As described by Allison and Baxter, Any computer Science graduate can create a completely secure encryption system for their own purposes. The material can even be disguised, for example hidden inside a perfect picture (Allison and Baxter 6). If a person wants to publish offensive material on the Internet, then they will find a way. The same thing happened during prohibition. Though alcohol was illegal, it still made its way into the United States. Also, censorship of the Internet would be a complete contradiction. Pornography is legal in videos and magazines, so it would be inconsistent to ban the Internet equivalents. People should be able to restrict the information flow into their homes. They should be able to exclude any subject matter that they do not want their children to see. But sooner or later, those children will be exposed to everything that they have been shielded from, and they will have to deal with these shocking sights with their uncultivated moral standards. Everyone will sooner or later be exposed to something that they find offensive, so there is really no reason to attempt avoidance. These sights will be drastically more horrific for someone who wasn't exposed to them at an earlier age, than someone who was and has learned how to deal with them. The government should maintain their hands off policy on this issue. It should be the parents full and complete responsibility to censor their child's Internet use. If the parent does not wish to or is unable to supervise their child's

History Of Physics Essays - Nobel Laureates In Physics, Physics

History Of Physics Essays - Nobel Laureates In Physics, Physics History Of Physics Physics began when man first started to study his surroundings. Early applications of physics include the invention of the wheel and of primitive weapons. The people who built Stone Henge had knowledge of physical mechanics in order to move the rocks and place them on top of each other. It was not until during the period of Greek culture that the first systematic treatment of physics started with the use of mechanics. Thales is often said to have been the first scientist, and the first Greek philosopher. He was an astronomer, merchant and mathematician, and after visiting Egypt he is said to have originated the science of deductive geometry. He also discovered theorems of elementary geometry and is said to have correctly predicted an eclipse of the sun. Many of his studies were in astronomy but he also observed static electricity. Phythogoras was a Greek philosopher. He discovered simple numerical ratios relating the musical tones of major consonances, to the length of the strings used in sounding them. The Pythagorean theorem was named after him, although this fundamental statements of deductive geometry was most likely first an idea from Egyptian methods of measurements. With the help of his followers he discovered that the earth was a sphere, but he did not believe it revolved around the sun. Democritus was the leader of a group called Atomists. Although they were unable to prove that matter was made up of small particles, they were the first to come up with the idea. Democritus believed that atoms differed in size, shape, and movement but were all made of the same substances. Aristotle was the most important scientific philosopher in Greece. He believed that all matter on earth consisted of four pure substances or elements, which were earth, air, fire, and water. He also believed that the earth was the centre of the universe, and that anything beyond the earth consisted of a fifth pure substance called quintessence. Archimedes was an inventor and mathematician, who discovered several basic scientific principles and developed a number of measuring techniques. Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer. He developed a model for predicting the positions of the sun, moon, stars, and planets. Like Aristotle, he believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Between 400 AD. and 1000 AD. Most educated people in Western Europe looked to religion rather than scientific investigation to answer their questions about the laws of nature. At the same time Arabic scholars were correcting Ptolemy system of astronomy and performing experiments in optics and mechanics. As trade increased between Arab countries and western countries, their work and Greek scientific documents became available to western culture. During the 1200's St. Thomas Aquinas reconciled Aristotle's beliefs with church principles. During this time Roger Bacon an English scholar conducted studies in optics. During the Renaissance there were many social, economic and political changes that produced new approaches to science. The famous Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci conducted studies in motion and hydraulics. The polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a system in which the sun was placed at the centre of the universe and the earth was one of the planets orbiting the sun. In the 1600's Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer constructed a new and accurate model of the solar system. Rene Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician developed the concept of inertia ( that objects maintain their state of motion unless disturbed ). At this time people began to realise that the physical world was governed by natural laws and that it was possible to discover those laws through careful measurement under controlled conditions. Galileo, an Italian physicist developed a number of telescopes to study the heavens, and performed laboratory experiments on the motion of falling bodies. In the 1600's there was a great deal of scientific activity. Sir Isaac Newton, an English scientist, published his Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy. He developed three laws of motion and a law of universal gravitation based on the work of Galileo and Descartes. He also invented a new form of mathematics called Calculus. During the Industrial Revolution scientific instruments were produced which were more accurate and enabled scientists to perform more complicated experiments. People began specializing in specific areas such as:

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Analysis - Case Study Example Therefore, In the case of Disney, its strengths are the corporate values along with its legacy. Its weakness is financial forces. It had opportunities like having over 500 Rabbit Products while competition from other companies is the threat it has. Hence, SWOT assigns sales, management, operations, other internal strengths, and other factors like, new competitors and supplier’s bargaining power. Disney can be recommended to maximize its theme park profits and coordinate with other businesses like in advertising. The parks can be updated and expand its attraction to generate rapid profit growth and revenue. For example, including special events, media broadcast events and national television adverts. Disney businesses need to be coordinated with other corporate sponsors promotional campaigns. For example, allocation of free minute of advertising granted to Disney in The Disney Sunday Movie. The recommendations will, therefore, help Disney improve its performance. According to the SWOT analysis, maximizing theme park profits using their strengths will lead to increase of income; hence, reducing their weaknesses. Coordinating with other businesses like the TV in advertising their quality products made with Rabbit products, makes it more competitive hence, dealing with its threats. The graph fig.1 shows the corresponding earnings with price of tickets from 1983 to 2000. .Between 1983 and1987, the price of tickets increases at the parks accounted nearly $300 million. From 1988 to 2000, the price of the tickets did not increase in high figures; hence, the park did not account much in those years. Therefore, maximizing theme parks profits helps in increase of revenue as it is reflected in the years 1983 to 1987. Challenges Eisner faced like managing synergies, poor brand management and poor managing creativity led to Disney downfall. Therefore, Disney had to come up with strategies for its growth. Good

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

2 - Assignment Example Good West Rubber Corporation, price designation of fair market value was definite enough to support an action for specific performance, since at the signing of the contract; both parties had agreed to use fair market value which would exist at the end of the lease. It is clear that Devine is an intended third party beneficiary of BIW-Dx contract, since according to the common law doctrine of privity of contract defines an intended third party beneficiary as the one whom the terms of contract and the circumstances surrounding the contract manifests intent to benefit. It is clear that Devine was to benefit from the BIW-Dx contract, since NorDx’s results was to determine his accessibility to obtaining a job with Bath Iron Works (BIW). According to Emerson (2009), employees whose job security and reputation have suffered as a result of false test results should be allowed to sue the drug testing labs for tort negligence, since in such situations, the drug-testing labs owe employees duty of care when conducting the tests. As part of this duty of care, it is within the drug-testing labs’ duty to handle employees’ samples and to produce the most accurate result on the

Think about what it would be like to be a pioneer moving to the West Essay

Think about what it would be like to be a pioneer moving to the West during the 1800s - Essay Example Missionaries, explorers, and traders of the 1830s discovered that the west had fertile land for farming and good hunting opportunities. In the 1840s, miners discovered minerals in the west such as gold, silver, lead, nickel, and iron, factors that provided increased chances for pioneers to get a job in these mines. The forests of the west provided timber for construction and sale to the people in the eastern states. The west also provided good sceneries’ for exploration and adventure and these would inform my decision (Josephson 15). Once I decided to move to the west, I would have prepared for the difficulties I would encounter on my way there. Pioneers packed supplies to last them the length of the journey lest they starved and failed to make it to their destination. Pioneers had to endure cold and snow on their way to the west. Some of their wagons broke down and delayed their arrival. I would confirm my baggage to ensure a successful journey to the land that had great prospects (Josephson

The Failure Of Business Process Reengineering Commerce Essay

The Failure Of Business Process Reengineering Commerce Essay Let us start with a little history. In 1990, Business Process re-engineering emerged as a concept for integrating information technology into business processes with a cross functional perspective (Childe, Maull Bennett, 1994, pp.22). Hammer and Champy(2001, p.35) on the other hand according to their famous book defined business process reengineering (BPR) as the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measure of performance such as cost, quality, service and speed. BPR take in the methodologies, techniques from Information systems analysis, management, behaviour of the organisation and communication (Al-Hudhaif, 2009, pp.184). The pressure to meet expectations of customer is growing at a fast rate and Ronald tell us that the need for complete change is the way we work (as cited in Magutu, Nyamwange Kaptoge, 2010).The total quality management (TQM) is found to be used to manage system cost according to quality requirements and a discrete event simulation is used to perform process reengineering and process improvement (Borgianni, Cascini Rotini, 2008, 305-306). Hypothesis: For this essay, we have developed the below hypothesis Hypothesis 1: Resistant to change will is one of the top failure factors that lead to the failure of implementing of BPR since BPR is all about implementing dramatic changes. Business Process Reengineering Research: Various essay and studies estimated that about 70% failed to achieve the remarkable result that was intended (Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.221; Chamberlin, 2010, pp.14). It is due to the high failure rate that we need to investigate on it failure factors to identify why it failed. Elmuti and Kathawala (2000, pp.34) came out with the list of 10 failure factors that lead to BPR failure from a survey conducted. This survey was derived from the 24 organisations which were mentioned that they failed in BPR implementation out of the 146 questionnaires returned from the 500 questionaries sent out to organisations throughout the United States. The 10 failure factors are shown in figure 1. Figure 1: Failure factors that may contribute to business reengineering (Elmuti Kathawala, 2000). I would be discussing on the first 3 failure factors on the above figure 1 as Hammer and Champy(2001) on the other hand have another set of failure factors which in my opinions are more interesting to share. BPR failure factors: Inadequate understanding of business reengineering ( Elmuti Kathawala, 2000, pp.34) : You can understand something but you dont have to lead but you cant lead something you dont understand. Of the 24 organisations, 78 percentages of them saw business reengineering as a mass chaos where there were no clear directions or clear solutions to many of the organisation problems. Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.229) further supported that by stated that in order to succeed un BPR, only one who is capable of thinking about the entire value added chain from production to sales and service can take the lead in the reengineering attempt and not just any senior management who has no clue on what is BPR. Lack of an successful methodology to take on the reengineering plan( Elmuti Kathawala, 2000, pp.34) Having a detailed methodology allow the organisation to know how it is suppose to start implementing BPR (Elmuti Kathawala, 2000, pp.34). Carr and Johansson (1995, pp.86) stated that two third of the companies that surveyed used a structured framework or what they termed it as methodology. Carr and Johansson(1995, pp.86) informed that a methodoloy is 60 percent designed by a outside consultant, 20 percent developed in house and 20 percent a combination of consultant and in house. The advantage of an in house methodology is that it will present ideas that the employees are familiar with and easier to follow. An example of an methodology with regard to Aetna(Carr Johansson, 1995, pp.87) includes methods for below: Project Selection Project planning which needs requirements for: Defining a mission Defining critical success factors Internal and external scans Defining gaps today and predicting gaps to be filled in the future Objectives on what will be delivered , to whom and why Steps to be taken Team formation Project management done by a reengineering team A successful methodologies as stated by Carr and Johansson(1995, pp.87) is shown as below: A Successful BPR Framework Incorporates change management Provides for organisation communications Allow for radical change Prescribes clearly defined goal/ targets Provides a variety of tools to be used throughout processes as necessary Plans for customer/supplier input Integrates IT Is flexible enough to be tailored to the organisation needs. Lack of leadership support and low participation( Elmuti Kathawala, 2000, pp.34) Farina Group was one such organisation that has lack of higher management support that the business reengineering was abandoned (Newman Zhao, 2008, p.413). The top management from Farina apparently didnt want to change the business processes that are current existing when BPR is being implemented. Try to renovate a process instead of altering it (Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.222): Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.222) stated that the most conspicuous way to fail is to not reengineer at all but conducting process changes and called it reengineering. The IBM Credit Corporation is such example that used to do it this way and failed before they finally change for the better. They first tried to automate their existing process which enabled them to commit to computer software instead of the previous offline system. This did not balance the work load to minimise wait times which they intend to. After changing the whole process by using queuing theory and linear programming techniques, they finally were able to solve the whole problem. Dont focus on business processes(Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.223) BPR should look in on business processes and nothing else. This is due to organisations is only as efficient as it business processes (Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.223). An U.S subsidiary of major European company was one such example that failed in such a case by not defining the architecture of the work processes (Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.224). Cardarelli, Ritu Mohan(1998) also supported by saying that management must focus on the process and not event to make sure that the redesigned process affects the strategy positively now and into the future. Neglect peoples values and beliefs(Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.225) Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.225) stated that when radical changes occurs, there must be a form of rewarding mechanism that cultivate the employees to exhibit the right behaviours to changes. Ford and DRG are examples stated by Hammer and Champy to successfully adapt to such changes. Allow current corporate cultures and management attitudes to prevent reengineering from starting(Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.228) Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.228) stated that a company cultural characteristics can support or defeat a reengineering effort before it begin. They shared that companies that focus on short terms quarterly results may find it hard to be successful to reengineering longer horizons. Bias against conflict in organisation may feel uncomfortable challenging long established old rules. Make reengineering happen from bottom up: (Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.228) Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.228) stated that reengineering will never happen from bottom to top. Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.229) put it to two reasons on they are frontline employees and middle managers are unable to initiate and implement a successful reengineering effort. The first reason is that the push for reengineering must come from the top of an organisation as people near the front line lack the broad perspective that reengineering demands. Their expertise is largely bound to the individual functions and departments that they stay in. The second reason is that any business process will cross organisational boundaries and no midlevel managers will have the sufficient authority to insist on a process to be transformed. Furthermore, some of the affected middle managers will fear that major changes to existing processes might kill off their own power or authority. These managers have much invested in the existing ways of doing things and the future of the company may compromise t heir own career interests. They will fear changes and if radical changes threaten to bubble up, they may resist it. Only Strong leadership from above will induce people to accept the transformation changes. Bury reengineering in the middle of the corporate agenda(Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.230) Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.231) stated that if organisations do not put reengineering at the top of their agenda, they will never get it done. They mentioned that without constant managerial concern, the natural tendency of doing what people pretty much want will be reverted back. This will result BPR to fail altogether. Dissipate energy across a great many reengineering projects(Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.231) Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.231) stated that reengineering requires companies to concentrate their efforts on small number of processes at any given time. This is for example if customer service, research and development and sales processes all need radical redesign and nothing will really happen if all of them are done simultaneously. Attempt to reengineer when the CEO is two years from retirement(Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.231) Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.231) stated here that the CEO is the head of the business. If any organisation attempts to reengineer when the CEO is one or two years away from retiring may take a dim and unenthusiastic view to reengineering. They stated that this is because a retiree may not want to deal with such complex issues that will constraint a successor. Another problem raised by them is that when CEO is about to retire, contenders for that post will want to focus on impressing rather than doing reengineering which could hinder their advancement such as reengineering. Pull out when people start to resist to reengineering changes making(Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.233) Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.233) stated that people almost would resist to change. It is in a human trait to resist major changes. When managers are face to resistant and do not press on, it is almost likely that BPR will fail. Drag the effort out(Hammer Champy, 2001, pp.234) Hammer and Champy(2001, pp.234) stated that reengineering is known to be a stressful job for everyone. Stretching it over a long period will discomfort start to surface. Normally 1 year should be enough for a company to move from articulation of a case for action to the first release of a reengineered process. Taking longer and people may become frustrated and the reengineering will fall apart. Conclusion: Based on the research on the failure factors of BPR, we could conclude that our hypothesis is not fully correct. It is found in the survey by Elmuti Kathawala(2000) that non understanding of BPR as the top factors leading to failure. Resistant to changes has become ranked as number 5. Which allow me to come to a conclusion that although BPR is about dramatic changes, it is not necessary classified as the main factor for failure in the BPR implementation.

A Sample and Critique of psi Research :: Telepathy Precognition Psychic Papers

"Do you remember how electrical currents and 'unseen waves' were laughed at? The knowledge about man is still in its infancy." - Albert Einstein Introduction Perception of future events (precognition), communication through thoughts (telepathy), material manipulation without physical contact (telekinesis), sight of an object or place millions of miles away with enough accuracy to draw it (remote viewing) – these are a few cases of what is referred to as "psi phenomena," also known as parapsychological or psychic phenomena. "Psi" refers to "anomalous processes of energy or information transfer... that are currently unexplained in terms of known physical or biological mechanisms."(1) Long dismissed by scientists and other skeptics all over the world, these occurrences are often attributed to trickery, hallucination, lying, chance, and even spiritual influence. Claims of psychic ability come from many varied sources. From the friend who has premonitory dreams and the dog who knows when the master has decided to come home, to the glamorous astrologer with a 900-number and the clairvoyant with a TV show, stories of paranormal abilities range from personal and thought-provoking to distant and Hollywood-esque. Are these things really possible? What does the scientific community actually know about these phenomena? Ultimately, one must ask the question, what can the scientific community know about these phenomena? This paper is intended to provide a small sample and critique of the available scientific research on these unexplained and often dismissed phenomena. The examples which form this review are: research on unexplained phenomena not associated with "psychic" individuals, large-scale research centering on many individuals with "psychic talent," and an investigation of the claimed abilities of a single internationally celebrated "psychic." Despite the historical and prevalent stigma and sensationalization associated with this field, many respected educational establishments have laboratories involved in the research of psi. The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research program, instituted in 1979 to investigate mind-matter interactions (2); the Parapsychological Association, a 1957 offshoot of the Duke Laboratory (3); the Koestler Parapsychology Unit at the University of Edinburgh (4); and Stanford University's 1946 endeavor, Stanford Research Institute are four of these. It should be noted that Stanford Research Institute separated from the university in 1970, and became SRI International. (5) Examples Impersonal phenomena If a person is asked to identify the color of a rectangle, and is subsequently asked to read a randomly generated color name, it is well-known that a matching color name will be called out faster than a mismatching color name.